Since the beginning of the Protestant Reformation in the sixteenth century, Christians have been divided over the doctrine of justification by faith. Controversies regarding this doctrine arose when...

Behind Paul’s language regarding the justification of believers in Christ is the conviction that it is through Christ and the faith associated with him that God brings about in believers by pure grace the new life of justice and righteousness that he wishes to see in...

Pauline scholars commonly look to the ideas of substitution and participation to interpret Paul’s affirmations that believers have been justified, redeemed, and reconciled to God through Jesus’ death or blood. Here it is argued that both of those ideas as...