Jesus’ Death in New Testament Thought Contents
(DOWNLOAD FILE)
VOLUME ONE: BACKGROUND
Acknowledgments
Presentación de la Obra
Introduction
Chapter 1. Jesus’ Death in Traditional Christian Thought
The Three Types of Traditional Interpretations of Christ’s Death
Penal Substitution Interpretations of Christ’s Work in New Testament Scholarship
Theological Problems and Presuppositions
Premise 1: God’s justice must be satisfied before God can remit sins
Premise 2: Christ’s death was absolutely necessary for human salvation, since nothing else could have made it possible for God to remit the sins of human beings without compromising God’s justice
Premise 3: What Christ suffered in his passion and death was sufficient to satisfy God’s justice
Premise 4: In order for Christ to satisfy divine justice, he had to be perfectly sinless
Premise 5: In order for Christ to die as the substitute for sinful humanity, he had to be fully divine and fully human
Premise 6: Both the incarnation and the earthly life of God’s Son had as their sole objective his substitutionary death for others
Premise 7: Human beings are saved and delivered from God’s wrath solely by Jesus’ substitutionary death on their behalf, yet they must still come to faith in order to receive that salvation
Physical Interpretations of Christ’s Work in New Testament Scholarship
Theological Problems and Presuppositions
Premise 1: Powers such as sin and death are ontological in nature and as such can be dealt with in much the same way that ontological realities or substances are dealt with in the physical world
Premise 2: It was not possible for human beings, human nature, or the nature of the created order to be transformed ontologically or delivered from the powers to which they were subject without Christ’s incarnation, life, death, and resurrection
Premise 3: Before the ontological transformation of humanity or the world could be brought about in its eschatological fullness, it was necessary to bring it about in part in the present time
Premise 4: Although all human beings have been ontologically transformed or united to Christ, each individual must come to faith in order to be save
Premise 5: Although the notion of an ontological participation was clear to people in Paul’s day, it is no longer clear to people in ours
Revelational Interpretations of Christ’s Work in New Testament Scholarship
Theological Problems and Presuppositions
Premise 1: Christ’s death was necessary because what it revealed to human beings could not have been revealed by God in any other way
Premise 2: Christ’s death was necessary because there was no other way in which God could have brought about in human beings the ethical transformation necessary for them to be saved
Chapter 2. Second-Temple Jewish Soteriology
The Election of Israel
Israel and the Law
The Law and Human Well-Being
Divine Justice and Mercy
Reward and Punishment
The Purposes of Divine Punishment
Judgment, Justice, and Righteousness
God’s Judgment and God’s Love
Grace and Merit
Second-Temple Jewish Eschatology
Conditional and Unconditional Salvation
Eschatological Hopes and Beliefs
Jewish Apocalyptic
The Afterlife in Second-Temple Jewish Thought
Chapter 3. Sacrifice and Atonement in Second-Temple Jewish Thought
Sacrificial Interpretation in New Testament Scholarship: Views and Presuppositions
Assumption 1: Sacrifices made atonement for sins
Assumption 2: Sacrifices were thought to “work” in some way to produce certain salvific “effects,” such as expiation and purification
Assumption 3: Sacrifice involved propitiation
Assumption 4: There could be no remission of sins without sacrifice
Assumption 5: Sacrifice was understood as substitution
Assumption 6: Sacrifice was understood in terms of representation and participation
Assumption 7: Sacrifice reveals the mechanism of sacred violence
Basic Tenets of Ancient Jewish Sacrificial Thought
1. Sacrifices were essentially offerings and gifts presented to God
2. Sacrifice was inseparable from prayers and petitions
3. What made sacrifices and prayers acceptable to God was the innerdisposition and commitment to God’s will of those offering them or those on whose behalf they were offered.
The Logic of Ancient Jewish Sacrificial Practice
The Purpose of Sacrifice in Ancient Jewish Thought
Sacrifice and the Jewish View of God
Reconsidering the Traditional Assumptions Regarding Sacrifice
Assumption 1: Did sacrifices make atonement for sins?
Assumption 2: Were sacrifices thought to “work” in some way to produce certain salvific “effects,” such as expiation and purification?
Assumption 3: Did sacrifice involve propitiation?
Assumption 4: Was the remission of sins possible without sacrifice?
Assumption 5: Was sacrifice understood as substitution?
Assumption 6: Was sacrifice understood in terms of representation and participation?
Assumption 7: Was sacrifice thought to reveal the mechanism of sacred violence?
Chapter 4. Vicarious Suffering and Death in Ancient Jewish Thought
Isaiah 53
The Difficulties of Interpreting Isaiah 53
A Penal Substitution Reading of Isaiah 53
An Alternative Reading of Isaiah 53
Vicarious Death and Atonement Elsewhere in the Hebrew Scriptures
Vicarious Death and Atonement in Ancient Greco-Roman Literature
Vicarious Death and Atonement in Second-Temple Jewish Literature and Rabbinic Thought
Vicarious Suffering and Death in 2 Maccabees
Suffering for the Law in 4 Maccabees
Vicarious Death in 4 Maccabees
The Story of Taxo
Atonement through Suffering and Death in Rabbinic Thought
Merits, Prayer, and Atonement in Ancient Hebrew and Jewish Thought
Atonement by Prayer
The Merits of the Fathers
Chapter 5. Jesus’ Death in the Context of His Ministry
The Aims of Jesus’ Ministry
Jesus’ Proclamation of God’s Reign
Jesus’ Teaching
Jesus’ Healings and Exorcisms
Jesus’ Preparation of Disciples
The Conflicts Generated by Jesus’ Ministry
Jesus’ Authority
Jesus’ Fellowship with Sinners
Jesus’ Focus on Justice and the Conflicts over the Mosaic Law
Jesus’ Final Days in Jerusalem
Jesus’ Ministry in Jerusalem
Jesus’ Entry into Jerusalem
Jesus’ Action in the Temple
Jesus’ Death and His Conflicts with the Jewish Authorities
The Last Supper
Jesus’ Words over the Bread and Wine
The Arrest, Condemnation, and Execution of Jesus
The Redemptive Significance Jesus Ascribed to his Death
Chapter 6. The Crucified Jesus as Lord and Mediator
Jesus as Lord and Christ
Jesus’ Lordship for Others
Justice, Jesus’ Lordship, and the Reign of God
Jesus’ Death in Light of His Lordship
Jesus as Mediator
Jesus’ Authority as Mediator
Jesus’ Death and His Role as Mediator
The Need for Jesus’ Mediation
Chapter 7. Jesus, God’s Will, and the Law
Faith in Jesus and the Redefinition of God’s Will
The Will of God and Jesus in the Book of Acts
The Will of God and Jesus in Paul’s Letters
The Will of God and Jesus in the Disputed Pauline Letters
The Will of God and Jesus in the Synoptic Gospels
The Will of God and Jesus in the Gospel and Epistles of John
The Will of God and Jesus in the Other New Testament Writings
Justification, Faith in Jesus, and the Law
The Role of the Law Among Jesus’ First Followers
The Relations between Jews and Non-Jews in the Communities of Jesus’ First Followers
Reinterpreting Obedience to the Law
The Arguments of Jesus’ Followers regarding the Purpose of the Law
Plight and Solution
Chapter 8. Jesus’ Death and the New Covenant Community
A New Covenant
The Covenant and Eschatological Hopes
Old Covenant and New
Jesus’ Followers as a Distinct Community
The Incorporation of Gentiles and the Redefinition of Israel
Defining the Identity of Jesus’ Followers
New Covenant, New Temple
A Holy People
The Forgiveness of Sins under the New Covenant
Jesus’ Death and the New Covenant
Jesus’ Death and the New Temple
Chapter 9. The Fulfillment of the Scriptures and the Divine Plan
The Fulfillment of the Scriptures in Jesus’ Death and Resurrection
The Development of Beliefs regarding the Fulfillment of Scripture in Jesus
The Typological Interpretation of Scripture
The Divine Plan
The Divine Plan in the Pauline Epistles and Other New Testament Writings
Jesus’ Death as Part of the Divine Plan
Election and the Divine Plan
The Divine Plan and the Development of Christology
Christology and the Eternal Divine Plan
Jesus’ Relation to God
God’s Love and Jesus’ Death
Non-Jewish Influences on the Christology of the New Testament
Chapter 10. Jesus’ Death for Others: The Story and the Formulas
Jesus’ Death in the Context of the Story Told by His First Followers
Jesus’ Death and Resurrection as the Consequence of his Ministry
The Development of Beliefs Regarding the Salvific Significance of Jesus’ Death
Jesus’ Death as the Death of a Prophet
Did Jesus’ First Followers Believe He Had Undergone the Messianic Tribulation?
Jesus’ Death and Isaiah 53
The Influence of 2 and 4 Maccabees on the Early Interpretations of Jesus’ Death
Jesus’ Death and the Akedah, the Bronze Serpent, and the Passover Lamb
The Use of Sacrificial Language to Speak of Jesus’ Death
Jesus’ Death and the Christus Victor Idea
Jesus’ Death and Greco-Roman Beliefs regarding Vicarious Death
The Common, Shared Formulas Used to Refer to Jesus’ Death
Jesus’ Death “For Us”
Jesus’ Death or Blood as the Means of Salvation
Redemption and Acquisition through Jesus’ Death
“For Our Sins”
Suffering and Dying with or for Christ
Christ’s Death “For Us”: Some Analogies
VOLUME TWO: TEXTS
Introduction to Volume 2
Chapter 11. Justification, Salvation, and the Work of Christ in Paul’s Thought
Justification and the Juristic Interpretation of Jesus’ Death
The Traditional Forensic Reading of Paul’s Teaching on Justification
Problems with the Traditional Forensic Interpretation of Paul’s Doctrine of Justification
Paul and Participation in Christ
The Language of Participation
Paul’s “with Christ” Language
Dying and Being Buried with Christ
“All Have Died” (2 Cor. 5:14-15)
Christ, Adam, and “All” in Romans 5 and 1 Corinthians 15
Union with Christ and his Body
Paul’s “in Christ” Language
Participation in Christ, Justification, and Inaugurated Eschatology
The Origins and Development of Paul’s “with Christ” and “in Christ” Language
Rethinking Paul’s Understanding of Justification and Salvation
Faith, Works, and Justification
Justification, Righteousness, and Love
Jesus’ Death and Justification in Paul’s Thought
The Sufferings and Death of Jesus and Paul
Chapter 12. The Allusions to Jesus’ Death in Paul’s Epistles
Jesus’ Death in 1 Thessalonians
Jesus’ Death in 1 Corinthians
1 Corinthians 1–4
1 Corinthians 5-8
1 Corinthians 10-11
1 Corinthians 15
Jesus’ Death in 2 Corinthians
Jesus’ Death in Galatians
Galatians 1:4
Galatians 2:19—3:1
Galatians 3:13
Galatians 5-6
Jesus’ Death in Philippians
Jesus’ Death in Romans
Romans 3:21-26
Romans 4:24-25
Romans 5:6-11
Romans 5:15-21
Romans 6
Romans 7:4-6
Romans 8
Romans 14:1—15:12
Chapter 13. Jesus’ Death in the Disputed Pauline Letters and 1 Peter
The Allusions to Jesus’ Death in Colossians
Colossians 1
Colossians 2:11-16
The Allusions to Jesus’ Death in Ephesians
Ephesians 1:7-8
Ephesians 2
Ephesians 5
Allusions to Jesus’ Death in the Pastoral Epistles
1 Timothy 2:1-8
2 Timothy 2:10-13
Titus 2:11-14
Allusions to Jesus’ Death in 1 Peter
1 Peter 1
1 Peter 2
1 Peter 3-4
Chapter 14. Jesus’ Death in the Synoptic Gospels and Acts
The Significance of Jesus’ Sufferings and Death in Mark
Jesus’ Sufferings and Death “for Others” in Mark’s Gospel
The Ironies in Mark’s Passion Story
Jesus’ Death, the Divine Plan, and the Fulfillment of the Scriptures
The Love of God and Jesus for Others
Mark 10:45 and 14:23-25
The Significance of Jesus’ Death in Matthew’s Gospel
Matthew 1-2
Jesus’ Ministry, Passion, and Death in the Thought of Matthew
Matt. 20:25-28 and 26:26-29
The Significance of Jesus’ Sufferings and Death in Luke and Acts
Jesus’ Death in the Thought of Luke
Acts 20:28
Chapter 15. Jesus’ Death in the Epistle to the Hebrews
Hebrews 1
Hebrews 2
Hebrews 3-5
Hebrews 6-8
Hebrews 9
Hebrews 10
Hebrews 11-13
Chapter 16. Jesus’ Death in the Gospel of John, 1 John, and Revelation
Jesus’ Death in the Gospel of John
Salvation and Belief in Jesus in the Fourth Gospel
Jesus’ Death in the Fourth Gospel
Jesus’ Death “for Others”
Jesus’ Body as a New Temple
Jesus’ Death “for Others” in John’s Passion Narrative
Jesus as the Lamb of God
Jesus’ Death in 1 John
Jesus’ Death in the Book of Revelation
Chapter 17. Jesus’ Death in the Thought of the Apostolic Fathers and Justin Martyr
Jesus’ Death and Blood in 1 Clement
1 Clement 1-21
1 Clement 22-55
Jesus’ Death in the Epistles of Ignatius of Antioch
Ignatius and the Docetists
Flesh and Spirit
Jesus’ Flesh and Blood
Jesus’ Passion and Death
The Constitution of a New People through Christ’s Life, Sufferings, and Death
Ignatius as Antipsuchon for Others
Jesus’ Death in the Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians
Jesus’ Death in the Martyrdom of Polycarp
Jesus’ Death in the Epistle of Barnabas
Barnabas 1-4
Barnabas 5
Barnabas 6-10
Barnabas 11-19
Jesus’ Death in the Epistle to Diognetus
Diognetus 9
The Death of Jesus in the Thought of Justin Martyr
Jesus’ Death in Justin’s Apologies
The Typological Interpretation of Jesus’ Death in Justin’s Dialogue with Trypho
Sacrificial Typology in the Dialogue
Jesus’ Death for Others in the Dialogue
Christ as Accursed in the Dialogue
Chapter 18. The Work of Christ in the Thought of Melito of Sardis and Irenaeus of Lyons
The Work of Christ in the Peri Pascha of Melito of Sardis
Christ’s Sufferings and Death in Melito’s Peri Pascha
The Salvation of “Man” in the Peri Pascha
Christ’s Saving Work in the Fragments of the Peri Pascha
The Work of Christ in the Thought of Irenaeus
The Son of God’s Assumption of “Man”
The Salvation of “Man”
The Defeat of the Devil
Irenaeus’s Use of Tradition
The Argument for Necessity
Salvation as an Objective Reality
Conclusion
Justification by Works or by Faith?
Rethinking God and the Cross of Christ
Abbreviations
Bibliography
Index of Ancient Sources
Index of Authors
Index of Subjects
